Umdwebo 1: SDRAM, DDR, kanye ne-DRAM ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB
Imemori ye-Synchronous Dynamic engahleliwe (SDRAM) uhlobo lwe-DRAM elivumelanisa ukusebenza kwalo ngebhasi lesistimu kusetshenziswa iwashi langaphandle.Lokhu kuvumelanisa kuqinisa kakhulu isivinini sokudluliswa kwedatha uma kuqhathaniswa nedramu endala ye-asynchronous.Kwethulwa ngeminyaka yama-1990s, i-SDRAM ibhekane nezikhathi zokuphendula ezihamba kancane zememori ye-asynchronous, lapho kubambezeleka khona njengoba kwenziwa ukubambetheka njengoba amasiginali azulazula emikhondweni ye-semiconductor.
Ngokuvumelanisa nge-System Clock Clock Frequency, i-SDRAM ithuthukisa ukuhamba kolwazi phakathi kwe-CPU kanye ne-Memory Controller Hub, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwedatha.Lokhu kuvumelanisa kunciphisa i-latency, kunciphisa ukubambezeleka okunganciphisa ukusebenza kwamakhompyutha.Ukwakhiwa kwe-SDRAM akugcini ngokukhulisa isivinini kanye ne-turnurren turren rupression kodwa futhi kwehlise izindleko zokukhiqiza, okwenza kube ukukhetha okungabizi kakhulu kubakhiqizi bememori.
Lezi zinzuzo zisungule i-SDRAM njengengxenye esemqoka kubuchwepheshe bememori yekhompyutha, eyaziwa ngekhono layo lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zekhompyutha.Ijubane elithuthukisiwe nokwethembeka kwe-SDRAM kwenza kube yigugu kakhulu ezindaweni ezidinga ukufinyelela kwedatha okusheshayo kanye nejubane lokucubungula eliphakeme.
Imemori yedatha ephindwe kabili (i-DDR) ithuthukisa amandla okuvumelanisa okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo (SDRAM) ngokuqinisa kakhulu ijubane lokudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kweprosesa nememori.I-DDR ifinyelela lokhu ngokudlulisa idatha kuwo womabili imiphetho ekhuphukayo neyakuwa ngomjikelezo ngamunye wewashi, ngempumelelo iphindwe kabili ekuhlosweni kwedatha ngaphandle kokudinga ukukhuphula ijubane lewashi.Le ndlela ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwedatha yesistimu, okuholela ekusebenzeni okungcono ngokuphelele.
Imemori ye-DDR isebenza ngejubane lewashi eliqala ngo-200 MHZ, ukunika amandla okusekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamandla ngokudluliselwa kwedatha okusheshayo ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.Ukusebenza kwayo kwakwenza kwathandwa ngaphesheya kwamadivayisi wekhompyutha.Njengoba izimfuno zekhompyutha zikhuphukile, ubuchwepheshe be-DDR buye bavela ngezizukulwane eziningana-DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 - Ngakunye ukuhlinzeka ngobuningi besitoreji esiphakeme, isivinini esisheshayo, nezidingo eziphansi ze-voltage.Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenze izixazululo zememori zibize kakhulu futhi ziphendule ezidinga usizo olukhulayo lwezidingo zanamuhla zekhampasi.
Imemori ye-Dynamic engahleliwe yokungena (Dram) iyindlela yokukhumbula esetshenziswa kabanzi kwi-desktop yanamuhla namakhompyutha we-laptop.Isungulwe nguRobert Dennard ngonyaka we-1968 futhi ethengiswa yi-Intel® ngawo-1970s, ama-Dram agcina izingcezwana zedatha esebenzisa ama-capacitors.Lo mklamo unika amandla okufinyelela okusheshayo nokwangahleliwe kwanoma yisiphi iseli sememori, uqinisekisa izikhathi zokufinyelela ezingaguquki kanye nokusebenza kohlelo olusebenzayo.
Ukwakhiwa kukaDramu ngokuhlelekile kuqasha ukufinyelela ama-transistors nama-capacitors.Intuthuko eqhubekayo ebukhwini be-semiconductor bahlanze lokhu design, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwemali ebizelwe ngosayizi we-per-bit kanye nosayizi wewashi.Lokhu kuthuthuka kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwe-DRAM kanye nokusebenza kwezomnotho, okwenza kube kuhle ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zezicelo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Lokhu kuvela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kukhombisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ze-DRAM neqhaza lawo ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene wekhompyutha.
Idizayini yeseli ye-DRAM selithuthukile ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi ligcine isikhala kuma-memory chip.Ekuqaleni, i-Dram isebenzise ukusetha oku-3-transistor, okubandakanya ukufinyeleleka kwama-transistor kanye ne-transistor yesitoreji ukuphatha ukugcinwa kwedatha.Lokhu kucushwa kunike amandla idatha ethembekile yokufunda nokubhala imisebenzi kepha kuthathwe indawo ebalulekile.
I-Dram yanamuhla isebenzisa kakhulu i-compact 1-transistor / 1-capacitor (1t1c) design, manje esezingeni eliphakeme kuma-chip wememori ye-High-density.Kulesi sethaphu, i-transistor eyodwa isebenza njengesango lokulawula ukushaja kwe-capacitor yesitoreji.ICapacitor ibamba inani ledatha yedatha-'0 'uma ikhishwe futhi' 1 'uma ikhokhiswa.I-transistor ixhumeka kulayini omncane ofunda imininingwane ngokuthola isimo sokushaja iCapacitor.
Kodwa-ke, ukwakhiwa kwe-1t1c kudinga imijikelezo yokuvuselela njalo ukuvikela ukulahleka kwedatha kusuka ekuvuthweni kwama-capacitors.Lokhu kuvuselela imijikelezo ngezikhathi ezithile kunika amandla ama-capacitors, ukugcina ubuqotho bedatha egciniwe.Lesi sidingo sokuvuselela sithinta ukusebenza kwememori kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ekwakheni izinhlelo zesimanje zekhompyutha ukuqinisekisa ubukhulu obuphakeme kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Imodi yokudlulisa asynchronous (ama-ATS) ku-Dram ibandakanya ukusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhlelwe ngesakhiwo se-hierarchical sezinkulungwane zamaseli ememori.Lolu hlelo lulawula imisebenzi efana nokubhala, ukufunda, kanye nedatha eqabula ngaphakathi kweseli ngalinye.Ukuze ugcine isikhala kwi-chip yememori bese wehlisa inani lezikhonkwane zokuxhuma, i-Dram isebenzisa ikheli eliningi, elibandakanya amasiginali amabili: Ikheli le-Strobe (i-RAS) ne-Strobe (i-RAS) ne-Strobe (CAS) ne-RAS) ne-Strobe (CAS) ne-RAS) ne-Strobe (CAS) ne-RAS) kanye ne-Strobe.Lezi zimpawu zilawula kahle ukufinyelela kwedatha ku-Memory Matrix.
I-RAS ikhetha umugqa othize wamaseli, ngenkathi i-CHAS ikhetha amakholomu, inika amandla ukufinyelela okuhlosiwe kunoma yiliphi iphuzu ledatha ngaphakathi kwe-matrix.Leli lungiselelo livumela ukusebenza okusheshayo kwemigqa namakholamu, ukuqondisa kabusha idatha nokufaka, okungalondolozwa ukusebenza kohlelo.Kodwa-ke, imodi ye-asynchronous inemikhawulo, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni zokuzwa nokukhulisa ezidingekayo ukufunda idatha.Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zikhawulela ijubane eliphezulu lokusebenza kwe-asynchronous adram kuya ku-66 MHz.Lo mkhawulo wejubane ukhombisa ukuhweba phakathi kokulula kohlelo lwezakhiwo kanye namakhono awo okusebenza jikelele.
Imemori ye-Dynamic okungahleliwe (Dram) ingasebenza kuzo zombili izindlela ezivumelanayo nezi-asynchronous.Ngokuphambene nalokho, imemori yokufinyelela eguquguqukayo yokuvumelanisa (SDRAM) isebenza kuphela ngesibonisi esivumelanayo, ivumelanisa ukusebenza kwayo ngqo ngewashi lesistimu, elihambisana nejubane lewashi le-CPU.Lokhu kuvumelanisa kuqinisa kakhulu isivinini sokucubungula idatha uma kuqhathaniswa nedramu yendabuko ye-asynchronous.
Umdwebo 2: Ama-Trans Transtors
I-SDRAM isebenzisa amasu athuthukile ePipelining ukucubungula idatha ngasikhathi sinye kuwo wonke amabhange wememori amaningi.Le ndlela iqondisa idatha yokugeleza kwedatha ngohlelo lwememori, ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka nokwandisa ukukhishwa.Ngenkathi i-asynchronous Dram ilindela ukuhlinzwa okukodwa ukuze kuqedwe ngaphambi kokuqala enye, i-SDRAM inqameze lezi zikhala, ukusika izikhathi zomjikelezo phansi kanye nokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwesistimu.Lokhu kusebenza kwenza i-SDRAM inenzuzo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezidinga i-bandwidth ephezulu kanye ne-latency ephansi, okwenza kube kuhle ngezicelo zokusebenza okuphezulu kwekhompyutha.
Ukushintshwa kusuka ku-Dynchronous Dram (SDRAM) ukuze kuvunyelwe i-SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)I-DDR SDRAM ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwedatha ngokusebenzisa imiphetho ekhuphukayo nokuwa komjikelezo wewashi ukudlulisa idatha, ngempumelelo iphindwe kabili idatha ngokuqhathaniswa ne-SDRAM yendabuko.
Umdwebo 3: Imodyuli yememori ye-SDRAM
Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kutholakala ngenqubo ebizwa nge-sevetising, ukuvumela i-DDR SDRAM ukuthi ifunde noma ibhale idatha kabili kumjikelezo owodwa wewashi ngaphandle kokudinga ukwandisa imvamisa yewashi noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.Lokhu kuphumela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwe-bandwidth, okuzuzisa kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukucubungula idatha okuphezulu nokudluliswa.Ukuguqulwa ku-DDR kuphawula ukugxuma okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, kuphendula ngokuqondile ezimfunweni ezinkulu zezinhlelo zesimanje zekhompyutha, ezibenza zikwazi ukusebenza kahle nangempumelelo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza okusebenzayo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusuka ku-DDR kuya ku-DDR4 kukhombisa izithuthukisi ezibalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezikhuphukayo zekhompyutha yesimanje.Isizukulwane ngasinye se-DDR Memory siphindeke kabili kwezinga lokudlulisa idatha kanye namakhono okuqashwa okwenziwe ngcono, okuvumela ukuphathwa kwedatha okusebenzayo.
• I-DDR (DDR1): Beka isisekelo ngokuphinda i-bandwidth ye-SDRAM yendabuko.Uthole lokhu ngokudlulisa idatha kuwo womabili amaphethelo akhuphukayo nawokuwa komjikelezo wewashi.
• DDR2: Ukwanda kwejubane lewashi futhi wethula ukwakhiwa kwezindlela ezi-4.Lo mklamo ulanda amahlandla amane imininingwane ngomjikelezo ngamunye ngokuqhathaniswa ne-DDR, uqoqe isilinganiso sedatha ngaphandle kokukhulisa imvamisa yewashi.
• DDR3: Iphindwe kabili ekujuleni kwe-pretch to 8 bits.Kuncishiswe kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kwandise isivinini sewashi sedatha enkulu.
• DDR4: Ubuningi obuthuthukisiwe kanye namakhono wejubane.Ukwanda kokutholwa kokutholwa kuya kuma-vits ayi-16 futhi kuncishiswe izidingo ze-voltage.Kuholele ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla okusebenza ngamandla nasekusebenzeni okuphezulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamandla zedatha.
Lezi zithuthuka zibonisa ukucolisiswa okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bememori, esekela izindawo ezisebenza kahle zekhompyutha kanye nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okusheshayo kumavolumu amakhulu wedatha.I-iteration ngayinye inenjinizo yokusingatha isoftware eyinkimbinkimbi nehardware, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kanye nokusebenza kahle ekucutshungweni kwemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.
Umdwebo 4: DDR RAM
Ukuvela kwe-RAM Technologies kusuka ku-DRM yendabuko kuya ku-DDR5 yakamuva yakamuva ku-Depch, amanani edatha, amanani okudlulisa, kanye nezidingo ze-voltage.Lolu shintsho lubonisa isidingo sokuhlangabezana nezimfuno ezandayo zekhompyutha yesimanje.
|
Deka |
Amanani wedatha |
Amanani wokudlulisa |
Amandla kagesi |
Ubuso |
Umbheshe |
1-bit |
I-100 kuye ku-166 MT / S |
0.8 kuya ku-1.3 GB / s |
I-3.3V |
|
Dudla |
2-bit |
266 kuya ku-400 mt / s |
2.1 kuya ku-3.2 GB / s |
2.5 kuya ku-2.6V |
Ukudluliselwa idatha kuyo yomibili imiphetho yewashi
Umjikelezo, uthuthukise ukugcwala ngaphandle kokukhulisa imvamisa yewashi. |
Ddri |
4-bit |
533 kuya ku-800 mt / s |
4.2 kuye ku-6.4 GB / s |
I-1.8V |
Iphindwe kabili ukusebenza kwe-DDR, ukuhlinzeka
Ukusebenza okungcono nokusebenza kwamandla. |
Ddr3 |
8-bit |
I-1066 kuya ku-1600 MT / S |
8.5 kuya ku-14.9 GB / S |
1.35 kuya ku-1.5v |
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okulinganiselwe okulinganiselayo nge
ukusebenza okuphezulu. |
DDR4 |
16-bit |
2133 kuya ku-5100 mt / s |
17 kuya ku-25.6 GB / s |
I-1.2V |
I-bandwidth ethuthukisiwe kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe
I-computing yokusebenza ephezulu. |
Lokhu kuthuthuka kuqokomisa ukucolisiswa okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bememori, okuhlose ukusekela izidingo ezifunwayo zendawo yesimanjemanje neyesikhathi esizayo.
Ukufaneleka kwememori nama-mamaards kuyisici sokucushwa kwehardware yekhompyutha.Ngamunye womabhele uxhasa izinhlobo ezithile zememori ezisuselwa ezimfanelweni zikagesi nezomzimba.Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amamojula we-RAM afakiwe ayahambelana, ukuvikela izindaba ezinjengokulimala kohlelo noma ukulimala kwehadiwe.Isibonelo, ukuxuba i-SDRAM nge-DDR5 ku-mama efanayo i-tensical futhi kungenakwenzeka ngokomzimba ngenxa yokucushwa okuhlukile kwe-slot kanye nezidingo zamandla kagesi.
Ama-Motherboards aklanywe ngezinto ezithile zememori ezihambelana nesimo, usayizi, kanye nezidingo zikagesi zezinhlobo zememori ezikhethiwe.Lo mklamo uvimbela ukufakwa okungalungile kwememori engahambelani.Ngenkathi okunye ukuhambisana okukhona, njengamamojula athile we-DDR3 nama-DDR4 angenakuguqulwa ezimweni ezithile, ubuqotho bohlelo kanye nokusebenza kuncike ekusebenziseni imemori ehambelana kahle nokucaciswa kwe-makeardboard.
Ukuthuthuka noma ukufaka imemori ukufanisa ibhodi lomama kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kohlelo nokuqina.Le ndlela igwema izinkinga ezinjengokuncipha kokusebenza noma ukwehluleka kwesistimu okuphelele, ukugqamisa ukubaluleka kwamasheke wokuhambisana ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokufakwa kwememori noma ukuthuthukiswa.
Ukuvela kwe-Memory Technology kusuka ku-Pristi Basic Dram kuya kuma-DDR amafomethi athuthukile amele ukugxuma okukhulu emandleni ethu okuphatha izinhlelo eziphezulu ze-bandwidth nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yekhompyutha.Isinyathelo ngasinye kulokhu okuvela kulo, kusuka ekuvumelanisweni kwe-SDRAM namabhasi esistimu kuya ku-DDR4 evelele ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kahle, kuphawula ingqophamlando kubuchwepheshe bememori, kucindezela imingcele yalokho amakhompyutha angafinyelela.Lezi zithuthuka azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi ngamunye ngokusheshisa imisebenzi futhi zinciphise i-latency kodwa futhi ziphinde ziveze indlela yokuthola izinto ezizayo ku-Hardware Design.Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bememori, njengoba kubonwe e-DDR5 evelayo, kuthembisa ukusebenza kakhulu kanye namakhono, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingqalasizinda yethu yekhompyutha ingahlangabezana nezidingo zedatha ezikhulayo zezinhlelo zezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla.Ukuqonda lokhu kwenziwa ngentuthuko kanye nemiphumela yabo ekuvumelaneni ngohlelo nokusebenza kusetshenziselwa abathanda i-Hardware kanye nabasunguli bohlelo lwe-Professional olungile, njengoba bezulazula isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-computing Hardware.
I-SDRAM (Imemori yokufinyelela eguquguqukayo ye-SynChonous engahleliwe) ilindelwe ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zedrama ngokuyinhloko ngoba ivumelanisa newashi lesistimu, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwesistimu kanye nesivinini sokucubungula idatha.Lokhu kuvumelanisa kuvumela i-SDRAM ukuthi iqonde emgqeni wokuthola imiyalo kanye nemininingwane yokufinyelela ngokushesha kunezinhlobo ze-asynchronous, ezingahlanganisi ngewashi lesistimu.I-SDRAM yehlisa i-latency futhi yenza ngcono idatha yokufakelwa kwedatha, okwenza kube lula kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukufinyelela kwedatha ephezulu nokucutshungulwa.Amandla awo okuphatha imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ngejubane elikhulu futhi ukuthembeka kuye kwakwenza kube yindlela ejwayelekile yezinhlelo eziningi ze-computing zekhompyutha.
Ukuhlonza i-SDRAM kufaka phakathi ukubheka izimfanelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile.Okokuqala, bheka usayizi womzimba kanye nokucushwa kwe-PIN yemodyuli ye-RAM.I-SDRAM ngokujwayelekile iza ngama-dimms (amamojula wememori emibili) ye-Desktops noma ama-smartms ama-laptops.Ngemuva kwalokho, amamojula we-SDRAM ajwayele ukufakwa ngokucacile ngohlobo lwawo kanye nesivinini (isb., PC100, PC133) ngqo esitikani esibonisa amandla nomkhiqizo.Indlela ethembeke kakhulu ukubheka uhlelo noma ibhukwana le-Motherboard, elizocacisa uhlobo lwe-RAM esekelwa.Sebenzisa amathuluzi wolwazi lohlelo olufana ne-CPU-Z kuWindows noma i-DMIDECODE kuLinux, olunganikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe ngohlobo lwememori olufakwe ohlelweni lwakho.
Yebo, i-SDRAM iyavuselelwa, kepha ngokulinganiselwa.Ukuvuselelwa kumele kuhambisane ne-Chipset ye-Chipset ye-Chipset yakho kanye ne-Memory.Isibonelo, uma ibhodi yakho yomama isekela i-SDRAM, ngokuvamile ungakhulisa inani eliphelele le-RAM.Kodwa-ke, awukwazi ukukhulisa ku-DDR izinhlobo uma ngabesha wakho umama awasekeli lezo zindinganiso.Njalo hlola imininingwane yebhodi le-motherboard ukuze uthole inkumbulo ephakeme kakhulu kanye nokuhambisana ngaphambi kokuzama ukuthuthukiswa.
I-RAM "engcono kakhulu" ye-PC incike kwizidingo ezithile zomsebenzisi kanye namakhono ebhodi le-PC.Ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke njengokuphequlula kweWebhu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zehhovisi, i-DDR4 RAM ngokuvamile yanele, inikeza ukulinganisela okuhle phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza.I-DDR4 enesivinini esiphakeme (isb.Qinisekisa ukuthi inqama ekhethiwe iyahambelana nokucaciswa kwakho kwe-motheard maqondana nohlobo, isivinini, kanye namandla aphezulu.
Cha, i-DDR4 RAM ayikwazi ukufakwa ku-DDR3 Slot;Ababili abahambelani.I-DDR4 inokuhlelwa kwe-PIN ehlukile, isebenza kumandla kagesi ahlukile, futhi inesikhundla esihlukile se-notch ngokuqhathaniswa ne-DDR3, okwenza ukufaka umzimba ku-DDR3 Slot akunakwenzeka.
Yebo, i-SDRAM ngokuvamile ishesha kakhulu kune-dram eyisisekelo ngenxa yokuvumelanisa kwayo ngewashi lesistimu.Lokhu kuvumela i-SDRAM ukuthi iqondise ukusebenza kwayo ngokuvumelanisa ukufinyeleleka kwememori ngemijikelezo yewashi le-CPU, kunciphisa izikhathi zokulinda phakathi kwemiyalo nokucubungula ukufinyelela kwedatha nokucutshungulwa.Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-Dram yendabuko, esebenza ngokusobala, ayihambisani newashi lesistimu futhi ngenxa yalokho ibhekene nezindawo eziphakeme zedatha kanye nedatha ehamba kancane.
2024-07-09
2024-07-08
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